Open analysis of Illumina Infinium genotyping arrays, from IDAT to genotypes, QC, VCF, copy number and pharmacogenomics.
Install · Quick start · Usage · User guide · Validation · Changelog

SimurgArray reads the raw scanner files of Infinium BeadChips and takes them all the way to analysis ready outputs. Its genotype calling reproduces the vendor's GTC files byte for byte on public data, every algorithm names its source, and every place where it differs from a reference tool is written down in docs/known_unknowns.md. It runs on anything from a Raspberry Pi to a cloud server.

Research use only. SimurgArray is not a medical device and must not be used for diagnosis or treatment decisions, including its pharmacogenomics output.

Contents

• Features
• Validation
• Requirements
• Install
• Input files
• Quick start
• Usage
• Outputs at a glance
• Performance and memory
• Development
• Repository layout
• Documentation
• Feedback and support
• Citing
• Licence, data and trademarks

Features

	Area	What you get
🧬	Genotyping	IDAT → normalization → GenCall equivalent calls, scores, BAF and LRR → GTC v3/v5, bit exact with the vendor software (--preset current or autocall-1.6.2)
📊	Quality control	21 control probe metrics, sample QC, BAF regression contamination, KING kinship and Mendel errors, sex checks, per locus summaries, and a self contained interactive HTML report
📄	Outputs	Plus strand VCF/BCF with tabix/CSI indexes, PLINK 1 and 2, bedGraph tracks, final reports and genotype matrices, all written natively
🪶	ArrayTrain	Train your own EGT cluster file from a cohort's GTCs instead of borrowing one
🧩	Copy number	Genome wide CNV, LOH and mosaicism calling with an HMM, ISCN 2020 annotation, cytobands and genes
💊	Pharmacogenomics	Targeted copy number (CYP2D6 and others), star allele diplotypes for 70 genes, CPIC and DPWG phenotypes, from open databases
🧪	Methylation QC	EPIC and MSA control metrics, pOOBAH detection, noob, dye bias correction, β and M values
🔍	Differential testing	simurg compare checks two runs field by field (EXACT / NEAR / DISCREPANCY / UNKNOWN) with an HTML dashboard
⚡	Speed	Optional Rust kernels with identical outputs: about 80 GSA samples a minute per server core, about one sample a second on a Pi core

Validation

Each phase has its own report in docs/validation/.

Check	Result
2141 vendor GTCs, 1000 Genomes Omni2.5 (--preset autocall-1.6.2)	normalization bit identical; GTCs byte identical in 2138/2141
GSA demo vs gtc2vcf, GTCtoVCF and plink2	zero unexplained differences
1000 Genomes pedigrees (Omni2.5)	717/717 parent and offspring pairs; median Mendel error 0.031 %
360 GSA arrays (GSE165845) vs NYGC 30x WGS / GIAB HG001	concordance 0.9934 / 0.9985; replicates 0.9966
ArrayTrain cluster file, GSE165845 chr22 vs 1000G 30x	99.44 % concordance (vendor file 99.46 %) at a 99.61 % call rate
Copy number, 360 GSE165845 arrays vs NYGC 30x SV	PASS precision DEL 44 % / DUP 57 %; rare deletions found 30 %
Pharmacogenomics, GSA v4 demo vs GeT RM	154/168 gene calls
Methylation QC vs sesame	β r = 0.99998

Requirements

• Python 3.12 or 3.13 on 64 bit Linux (x86_64 or aarch64). Tested on Ubuntu 24.04 and Raspberry Pi OS.
• Memory: about 2 to 3 GB per worker process for GSA or Omni sized arrays. 8 GB is enough for a Pi with two workers.
• Optional: Rust and a C compiler for the compiled kernels; Docker or conda for those installs.
• The Python package is called simurgarray; the command and the import name are simurg.
• Only pure Python dependencies are needed (numpy, pyarrow, typer, rich, pyyaml, openpyxl). bcftools and plink2 are not required; SimurgArray writes VCF, BCF, indexes and PLINK files itself. They are used only as test oracles.

Install

From source (recommended)

With uv:

git clone https://gitea.yaylali.uk/kemal/SimurgArray.git
cd SimurgArray
uv venv && uv pip install -e .            # add ".[dev]" for tests, ruff and mypy
source .venv/bin/activate
simurg --version

With plain pip:

python3 -m venv .venv && .venv/bin/pip install -e .

Optional compiled kernels

Three to four times faster genotyping and four times faster manifest loading. Results are byte identical.

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --profile minimal   # Rust (needs gcc or clang)
uv pip install ./rust/simurg-core
python -c "from simurg._core import backend; print(backend())"      # prints: rust 1.1.0

Without the kernels the same code runs in pure Python and NumPy. SIMURG_PURE_PYTHON=1 forces that path.

From release files

bash scripts/build_dist.sh writes a pure wheel, an sdist and manylinux_2_28 kernel wheels for x86_64 and aarch64 (glibc 2.28 or newer) to dist/:

python3 -m venv simurg-env
simurg-env/bin/pip install simurgarray-2.0.0-py3-none-any.whl \
    simurgarray_core-1.1.0-cp312-abi3-manylinux_2_28_$(uname -m).whl    # the kernel wheel is optional

Docker

The image is about 550 MB, includes the kernels and runs as a non root user. Your data stay in the mounted folder.

docker build -t simurg:2.0.0 .
docker run --rm --user "$(id -u):$(id -g)" -v "$PWD":/work simurg:2.0.0 \
    genotype --bpm M.bpm --egt C.egt --idats idats --out run/gtc

conda

conda build -c conda-forge --output-folder conda-bld packaging/conda/simurg-core packaging/conda/simurg
conda create -n simurgarray -c ./conda-bld -c conda-forge simurgarray simurgarray-core

All installs give identical results on x86_64 and aarch64 (docs/validation/P10.md).

Input files

File	Needed by	Notes
IDAT pairs (<barcode>_<RxxCxx>_Grn.idat and _Red.idat, optionally .gz)	genotype, qc controls, methyl qc	searched recursively; the sample ID is <barcode>_<position>
BPM manifest	almost every command	loci, bead addresses, normalization bins, positions; its genome build sets the VCF build
EGT cluster file	genotype, qc loci	from the vendor, or trained with simurg train
CSV manifest	gtc-to-vcf (indels), export finalreport, PGx	same product and version as the BPM
Reference FASTA	gtc-to-vcf, cn, pgx	GRCh38 or GRCh37, plain or bgzip; bash scripts/fetch_data.sh p6 downloads GRCh38
Sample sheet (optional)	most commands	Sample_ID, Sample_Name, Sample_Group, Parent1/Parent2, sex and custom columns

Manifests and cluster files come from the array vendor's support pages for your product. They are licensed by the vendor and are never committed to this repository; .gitignore blocks IDAT, BPM, EGT and GTC files.

Quick start

A complete run on the public GSA v4 PGx demo (36 samples):

bash scripts/fetch_data.sh p0                 # demo IDATs, manifest and cluster file (~1.4 GB)
bash scripts/fetch_data.sh p6                 # GRCh38 FASTA for VCF output (~0.9 GB download)
bash examples/gsa_demo.sh results/gsa_demo 6  # end to end on 6 samples; drop the 6 for all 36

The demo writes GTCs, a sample summary, an HTML QC report, per sample VCFs and a cohort BCF, PLINK files, bedGraph tracks and a final report to results/gsa_demo/. On a Raspberry Pi 5 the whole demo for all 36 samples (genotyping, QC report, VCFs and exports) takes about ten minutes with two workers.

Usage

Every command prints its options with simurg COMMAND --help. Global options on every command: --quiet, --log-level, --log-json (JSON Lines on stderr) and --debug.

Look inside files

simurg inspect idats/204112350001_R01C01_Grn.idat GSA.bpm GSA.egt
simurg inspect run/gtc/samples/S1/S1.gtc --json

Genotype: IDAT → GTC

simurg genotype --bpm GSA.bpm --egt GSA.egt --csv GSA.csv \
    --idats idats/ --sheet SampleSheet.csv --out run/gtc --threads 0

• --threads 0 uses every core. On an 8 GB machine keep it at 2 or 3.
• --preset current (default) behaves like the current vendor software; --preset autocall-1.6.2 reproduces the legacy AutoCall GTCs. --cutoff sets the GenCall no call threshold (0.15).
• Writes one GTC per sample, sample_summary.tsv, control probe QC (controls_qc.tsv), relatedness, and run_manifest.json with every version, option and input checksum.

Quality control

simurg qc report --data run/gtc --out run/qc_report --output-format both   # HTML report + xlsx/csv table
simurg qc samples      --bpm GSA.bpm --gtcs run/gtc --out run/qc
simurg qc contamination --bpm GSA.bpm --gtcs run/gtc --out run/qc
simurg qc relatedness  --bpm GSA.bpm --gtcs run/gtc --sheet SampleSheet.csv --out run/qc
simurg qc loci         --bpm GSA.bpm --egt GSA.egt --gtcs run/gtc --out run/qc
simurg qc controls     --array-type genotyping --idats idats/ --out run/controls   # no genotyping needed
simurg qc suggest-thresholds --data run/gtc --out thresholds.yaml

The HTML report is a single file you can share: linked views, a thresholds editor, chip and plate heatmaps, trend plots and a PCA card. Use --no-metadata or --drop-metadata COL before sharing reports with sample sheet columns.

VCF and exports

simurg gtc-to-vcf --bpm GSA.bpm --csv GSA.csv --fasta GRCh38.fa --gtcs run/gtc --out run/vcf           # per sample
simurg gtc-to-vcf --bpm GSA.bpm --csv GSA.csv --fasta GRCh38.fa --gtcs run/gtc --out run/bcf --merge   # one cohort BCF
simurg export plink       --vcfs run/vcf --gtcs run/gtc --out run/plink --format both   # .bed/.bim/.fam + .pgen/.pvar/.psam
simurg export bedgraph    --bpm GSA.bpm --gtcs run/gtc --out run/tracks --chrom-style ucsc
simurg export finalreport --bpm GSA.bpm --csv GSA.csv --egt GSA.egt --gtcs run/gtc --out run/report   # --matrix for loci × samples

Useful gtc-to-vcf options: --info-fields, --extra-format, --merge-snv-indel, --auxiliary-loci, --filter-gs, --drop-ambiguous, --ploidy-policy sex-aware|diploid, --include-loci and --exclude-loci.

Train your own cluster file (ArrayTrain)

simurg train --gtcs cohort_gtc --bpm GSA.bpm --out mycohort.egt        # at least 100 GTCs
simurg genotype --bpm GSA.bpm --egt mycohort.egt --idats new_idats/ --out run2/gtc

Training reads raw intensities, not genotypes, so it does not matter which cluster file the cohort was first called with. Samples are chosen by sex for X and Y loci. See docs/validation/V2_arraytrain.md.

Copy number, LOH and mosaicism

simurg cn build-model --bpm GSA.bpm --fasta GRCh38.fa --egt GSA.egt --reference-gtcs normals/ --out gsa.simurg-cyto
simurg cn call --bpm GSA.bpm --model gsa.simurg-cyto --gtcs run/gtc --fasta GRCh38.fa --out run/cn
simurg cn annotate --vcfs run/cn

Build the model once per manifest and batch from at least 24 normal samples. Each sample gets a CNV VCF, a segments file and, after annotate, ISCN strings with cytobands and genes.

Pharmacogenomics (GRCh38)

bash scripts/pgx/fetch_sources.sh                                       # CPIC, PharmVar, ClinPGx → data/pgx/sources
simurg pgx db build --sources data/pgx/sources --fasta GRCh38.fa --manifests GSA_PGx.bpm --csv GSA_PGx.csv --out pgxdb/
simurg pgx coverage --bpm GSA_PGx.bpm --db pgxdb/pgx_db.sqlite           # which alleles this array can call
simurg pgx copy-number train --gtcs cohort/ --bpm GSA_PGx.bpm --csv GSA_PGx.csv --fasta GRCh38.fa --out cnmodel/
simurg pgx copy-number call  --gtcs run/gtc --model cnmodel/GSA_PGx.simurg-pgxcn --fasta GRCh38.fa --out run/vcf
simurg gtc-to-vcf --gtcs run/gtc --bpm GSA_PGx.bpm --csv GSA_PGx.csv --fasta GRCh38.fa --out run/vcf
simurg pgx star-allele call --vcfs run/vcf --db pgxdb/pgx_db.sqlite --out run/pgx
simurg pgx phenotype --calls run/pgx --db pgxdb/pgx_db.sqlite --guideline cpic   # or dpwg

pgx db build names the database after its content hash (pgx_db-1-<sha12>.sqlite); use that file name. Copy number training needs at least 96 samples. Outputs per sample: diplotypes, supporting and missing variants, alternative diplotypes the array cannot tell apart, and a JSON report with phenotype and evidence.

Methylation arrays

simurg methyl qc --manifest EPIC_manifest.csv --idats idats/ --sheet SampleSheet.csv --out run/methyl --profile auto
simurg methyl convert-manifest --manifest EPIC_manifest.csv --out manifest_tables/

Compare two runs

simurg compare runA/gtc runB/gtc --out compare_report --fail-on-discrepancy

Every field of every GTC or VCF pair is compared. compare_report/dashboard.html shows the result and discrepancies.tsv.gz lists every difference.

Exit codes

0 success · 1 internal error · 2 usage or validation error (nothing processed) · 3 some samples failed, or compare --fail-on-discrepancy found differences · 4 no sample succeeded · 130/143 interrupted. Every error and warning has a stable code (E_…, W_…) listed in docs/messages.md.

Outputs at a glance

Step	Main files
genotype	samples/<id>/<id>.gtc, sample_summary.tsv, controls_qc.tsv, relatedness.tsv, run_manifest.json
qc samples	sample_qc.tsv, contamination.tsv, relatedness.tsv (+ mendel.tsv with parents in the sheet)
qc report	qc_report_<date>.html, qc_table_<date>.xlsx
gtc-to-vcf	<id>.snv.vcf.gz + .tbi, or cohort.snv.bcf + .csi
export plink	.bed/.bim/.fam, .pgen/.pvar/.psam
cn call	<id>.cyto.cnv.vcf.gz, <id>.cn_segments.parquet, cn_sample_summary.tsv
pgx phenotype	<id>.pgx.json, diplotype_summary.tsv, diplotype_annotations.tsv
train	<name>.egt, <name>.egt.json

Every HTML report carries the software version and a checksum of the data it shows.

Performance and memory

• With the kernels a GSA sample takes about 1.1 s on one Raspberry Pi 5 core (3.4 s pure Python) and a server core handles about 80 samples a minute (docs/validation/P9.md).
• Loading a manifest is a fixed cost per command: about 4 s for GSA and 18 s for Omni2.5 on a Pi with the kernels.
• Cohort QC steps grow with samples × loci. On small machines use --threads 2, and --no-cohort-qc on very large genotype runs, then run the qc commands separately.
• simurg train needs about 2 GB for 120 GSA samples and takes about 70 minutes on a Pi.

Development

uv venv && uv pip install -e ".[dev]"
uv run ruff check . && uv run ruff format --check .
uv run mypy
uv run pytest tests/unit                      # no downloads needed

Oracle tests compare against reference tools on real public data:

bash scripts/bootstrap_refs.sh                # reference open source repositories → refs/
bash scripts/fetch_data.sh p0                 # public test data → data/
bash scripts/make_oracle_gtcs.sh              # builds gtc2vcf and writes oracle GTCs
bash scripts/make_oracle_qc.sh                # locus summary oracle (BeadArrayFiles)
bash scripts/fetch_data.sh p6 && bash scripts/make_oracle_vcf.sh
uv run pytest tests/oracle                    # add -m "not slow" to skip the long ones

Before publishing text with numbers, python scripts/docs/check_claims.py FILES checks every claim against the validation reports (see CONTRIBUTING.md).

CI runs lint, type checks, a secret scan and the unit tests with and without the Rust kernels on Python 3.12 and 3.13 for every push. scripts/nightly.py reruns the differential tests against the oracles.

Repository layout

src/simurg/        the package: formats, signal, genotype, qc, harmonize, cn, pgx, train, pipeline, cli
rust/simurg-core/  optional compiled kernels (PyO3)
tests/             unit and oracle tests
scripts/           data fetchers, oracle builders, validation and cloud helpers, brand and blog image scripts
docs/              user guide, messages, validation reports, known unknowns
examples/          end to end demo
branding/          logo, icons, templates and the brand guide
blog/              five posts about the project, with featured images
packaging/         conda recipes (plus Dockerfile at the root)
.gitea/            CI workflow, issue and pull request templates

Documentation

• docs/user_guide.md: every command in detail, presets, QC, outputs, accuracy, limits, troubleshooting
• SIMURGARRAY_FUNCTIONAL_SPEC.md: 416 numbered requirements (CLI, inputs, outputs, QC, CN, PGx, methylation, edge cases)
• SIMURGARRAY_MASTER_PLAN.md: architecture, algorithms with their sources, roadmap
• docs/validation/: one report per phase and module
• docs/known_unknowns.md: every difference from reference tools, with dates and explanations
• docs/messages.md: all error and warning codes
• CONTRIBUTING.md, SECURITY.md, CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
• branding/README.md and blog/

Feedback and support

Bug reports and feature requests go to the issue tracker, using the templates. Questions, feedback and anything that should not be public, such as security reports, go to [email protected].

Citing

If SimurgArray helps your research, please cite it using CITATION.cff (version 2.0.0, 2026).

Licence, data and trademarks

SimurgArray is released under the MIT licence. Code adapted from MIT, BSD and Apache licensed projects is credited in THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md; GPL tools are only run as separate programs for comparison. Brand artwork is CC BY 4.0.

Vendor manifests, cluster files and scan data are downloaded by each user for their own research and are never part of this repository. PGx sources keep their own terms (CPIC CC0, PharmVar terms of use, ClinPGx CC BY SA 4.0); SimurgArray ships the database builder, not the database.

Illumina, Infinium, GenCall, GenTrain and GenomeStudio are trademarks of Illumina, Inc. SimurgArray is an independent project, not affiliated with or endorsed by Illumina.